Multiple Human Rights Watch reports detail the confiscation of Turkmen and Arab families' documents, preventing them from voting, buying property and travelling. The Al-Anfal Campaign constituted a systematic genocide of the Kurdish people in Iraq. [43] As of 2019, the Kurdistan Region and the Federal Government in Baghdad are negotiating joint control over the disputed areas as their relations have become more cordial in the aftermath of ISIL's defeat. Les Kurdes considèrent ces massacres comme un véritable génocide. [47] The current President is Nechirvan Barzani who assumed office on 1 June 2019. In November 2011, Exxon challenged the Iraqi central government's authority with the signing of oil and gas contracts for exploration rights to six parcels of land in Kurdistan, including one contract in the disputed territories, just east of the Kirkuk mega-field. [104] This has been done through military land-grabs through the Peshmerga and financial incentives to encourage Kurdish citizens to inhabit those areas while encouraging Assyrians to flee. Annual rainfall differs across Iraqi Kurdistan, with some places seeing rainfall as low as 500 millimetres (20 in) in Erbil to as high as 900 millimetres (35 in) in places like Amadiya. Irak : Situation sécuritaire (11 octobre 2018 - 11 janvier 2019) DIDR 6 – OFPRA 11/01/2019 dans l’ensemble de la région du Kurdistan irakien , la plupart d’entre e ux, soit 49 cas, ayant [55] The number of millionaires in the city of Sulaymaniyah grew from 12 to 2,000 in 2003, reflecting the economic growth. Le Kurdistan irakien ou Kurdistan du sud est une entité politique autonome du nord de l'Irak, reconnue par la constitution irakienne, adoptée le 15 octobre 2005 par un référendum populaire. Other international schools have opened and British International Schools in Kurdistan is the latest with a planned opening in Suleimaniah in September 2011. As part of the deal arranged between Qasim and Barzani, Qasim had promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's support for his policies. Leur espace, le Kurdistan, est extrêmement difficile à définir, d’autant plus qu’il a toujours été pluriethnique et recouvre en grande partie l’espace occupé par les Arméniens aux diverses périodes de leur histoire. At this point, Barzani ordered his forces to occupy and expel government officials from all Kurdish territory. L'offensive fulgurante des jihadistes de l'Etat Islamique en Irak a véritablement redessiné la carte du pays. Relations became further strained by the formation of a new command center (Tigris Operation Command) for Iraqi forces to operate in a disputed area over which both Baghdad and the Kurdistan Regional Government claim jurisdiction. Tensions marked a high stage in late February 2008 when Turkey unilaterally took military action against the PKK which at times uses the northern Iraq region as a base for militant activities against Turkey. [55] When Xenophon passed through the region in 4th century BCE, it was inhabited by the Medes. [109] This triggered a military operation in which the Iraqi government retook control of Kirkuk and surrounding areas,[110] and forced the KRG to annul the referendum.[111]. The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Palestine (which then consisted of two autonomous regions: Mandatory Palestine and Transjordan) and what was to become Iraq. KRG-controlled parts of Iraqi Kurdistan contain 4 billion barrels of proven oil reserves. The earliest neolithic site in Kurdistan is at Tell Hassuna, the centre of the Hassuna culture, circa 6000 BCE. Kurdistan Carte d’art affiche imprimé décor mur voyage carte bureau maison Cadeau ... Qazwan Coffee - Terebinth, Merengic, Pistacia terebinthus du nord de l’Irak/Kurdistan Sulaymaniyah, boisson saine sans caféine/laiterie NurCreativeStudio. [111][112][113], United Nations reports since 2006 have documented that Kurdish authorities and Peshmerga militia forces were illegally policing Kirkuk and other disputed areas, and that these militia have abducted Turkmen and Arabs, subjecting them to torture. Explication, en cartes et en images. 23 of them were released at the same day and 3 more within four days, but 6, all foreign nationals, are still being held. Aucun abonnement nécessaire. Dohuk sur le site Mapcarta, la carte ouverte. [100], British lawmaker Robert Halfon sees Kurdistan as a more progressive Muslim region than the other Muslim countries in the Middle East. Following the disintegration of the Ak Koyunlu, all of its territories including what is modern-day Iraqi Kurdistan passed to the Iranian Safavids in the earliest 16th century. Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo, Irene Dulz. Tensions between Iraqi Kurdistan and the central Iraqi government mounted through 2011–2012 on the issues of power sharing, oil production and territorial control. Use the navigation arrows located on the map and mouse to move around the map of Iraqi Kurdistan. Due to Qasim's profound distrust of the Iraqi Army, which he purposely failed to adequately arm (in fact, Qasim implemented a policy of ammunition rationing), Qasim's government was not able to subdue the insurrection. Etude de cas : les Kurdes et le Kurdistan par les cartes (les clés du moyen-orient.com) Publié le 4 Mai 2020 Répartis entre la Turquie, l’Iran, l’Irak et la Syrie, les quelques 40 millions de Kurdes sont aux cœur des tensions et des conflits au Moyen-Orient. In prehistoric times, the region was home to a Neanderthal culture such as has been found at the Shanidar Cave. Since the downfall of the regime of Saddam Hussein, the relations between the KRG and Turkey have been in flux. Since then, of all the 4,500 villages that were destroyed by Saddam Husseins' regime, 65% have been reconstructed by the KRG.[123]. Kurdish military forces, known as Peshmerga, played an important role in the overthrow of the Iraqi government;[95] however, Kurds have been reluctant to send troops into Baghdad since then, preferring not to be dragged into the sectarian struggle that so dominates much of Iraq.[96]. The Kurdistan Region encompasses most of Iraqi Kurdistan but excludes the disputed territories of Northern Iraq, contested between the Kurdistan Regional Government and the central Iraqi government in Baghdad since Kurdish autonomy was realized in 1992 in the aftermath of the Gulf War. The KRG website indicates the following requirements to obtain a short-term residency card: 1. By early 1960, it became apparent that Qasim would not follow through with his promise of regional autonomy. In April 2012, the president of Iraq's semi-autonomous northern Kurdish region demanded that officials agree to their demands or face the prospect of secession from Baghdad by September 2012. [57], The economy of Kurdistan is dominated by the oil industry. A peace plan was announced in March 1970 and provided for broader Kurdish autonomy. Iraqi Kurdistan sees snowfall occasionally in the winter, and frost is common. These include Kurds, Iraqi Turkmen, and Arabs, belonging mostly to the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islam. [44][45], The Carnegie Middle East Center wrote in August 2015 that:[46]. [76], The Zoroastrian religion have around 500 followers according to an official research from the religious affairs committee from the parliament. The incursion, which lasted eight days, could have drawn the armed forces of Kurdistan into a broader regional war. Each district is also divided into sub-districts. For example, they celebrate Newroz as the new year day, which is celebrated on March 21. And public opinion under the Kurdistan Regional Government demands rule-of-law-based governance. On 1 July 2014, Masoud Barzani announced that "Iraq's Kurds will hold an independence referendum within months. In Early and Middle Bronze Age the region was geographically known as Subartu and was inhabited by the Hurrian speaking Subarians along with Gutians and Lullubi. During World War II, the power vacuum in Iraq was exploited by the Kurdish tribes and under the leadership of Mustafa Barzani a rebellion broke out in the north, effectively gaining control of Kurdish areas until 1945, when Iraqis could once again subdue the Kurds with British support. [109][110], While Kurdish forces held the city of Kirkuk, Kurdish authorities attempted to Kurdify the city. In 1983, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan agreed to cooperate with Baghdad, but the Kurdistan Democratic Party remained opposed. Iraqi Kurdistan or Southern Kurdistan (Kurdish: باشووری کوردستان ,Başûrê Kurdistanê ‎,) is the part of Kurdistan in northern Iraq.It is one of the four parts of Kurdistan, which also includes parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Syria (Western Kurdistan), and northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan). [21][22] Nonetheless, the Kurdish struggle persisted and the Barzani tribe had by the early 1920s gained momentum for the Kurdish nationalist cause and would become pivotal in the Kurdish-Iraqi wars throughout the 20th century. [24] Israel began assisting the Kurdish rebels in the early 1960s.[25]. [38] [39][40][41], In 16th century BCE the Mitannians incorporated the region into their Hurrian empire. S’il est une région où l’intervention américaine contre l’Irak est attendue, c’est le Kurdistan. Meanwhile, in June 1961, the KDP issued a detailed ultimatum to Qasim outlining Kurdish grievances, demanding that the Kurdish language would become an official language in Kurdish majority regions. Depuis le siècle dernier, les Kurdes d’Irak cherchent à construire un territoire autonome de Bagdad qui engloberait l’ensemble de toutes les zones peuplées, selon eux, de Kurdes. [105], In February 2016, Kurdish president Barzani stated once again that "Now the time is ripe for the people of Kurdistan to decide their future through a referendum", supporting an independence referendum and citing similar referenda in Scotland, Catalonia and Quebec. [101], Although the Kurdish regional parliament has officially recognized ethnic minorities such as Assyrians, Turkmen, Arabs, Armenians, Mandeans, Shabaks and Yezidis, there have been accusations of Kurdish discrimination against those groups. [77] Zoroastrians were seeking official recognition of their religion as of early 2016. For the autonomous entity, see, Second Kurdish Iraqi War Algiers Agreement, The Edinburgh encyclopaedia, conducted by D. Brewster—Page 511, Original from Oxford University—published 1830, An Account of the State of Roman-Catholick Religion, Sir Richard Steele, Published 1715. During this period, the Kurds were subjected to a double embargo: one imposed by the United Nations on Iraq and one imposed by Saddam Hussein on their region. [54], The Medes conquered the region in 7th century BCE. The government's policies for the public sector have also had an impact on the private sector. [30] In 1983, Saddam Hussein signed an autonomy agreement with Jalal Talabani of the PUK, though Saddam later reneged on the agreement. In Syriac the region was commonly called Beth Qardwaye.[64][65][66]. [19] A non-binding independence referendum was passed in September 2017, to mixed reactions internationally. Relatives of these men and boys said that KRG and Iraqi forces didn't inform them of the places of their detained relatives and didn't facilitate any contact with them. The more left-leaning Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK) was founded in 1975 by Jalal Talabani and regenerated the Kurdish insurgency with guerrilla warfare tactics as the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) was slowly recovering from their defeat. This campaign failed in May 1966, when Barzani forces thoroughly defeated the Iraqi Army at the Battle of Mount Handrin, near Rawandiz. However, as of late 2015, no new Regions have been formed, and the KRG remains the only regional government within Iraq. N. Maxoudian, "Early Armenia as an Empire: The Career of Tigranes III, 95–55 BC", Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, by A. M. T Moore, G. C. Hillman and A. J. Legge, Published 2000, Oxford University Press, A Dictionary of Scripture Geography, p 57, by John Miles, 486 pages, Published 1846, Original from Harvard University. When Iraqi forces withdrew from the Syrian-Iraqi border and away from the Disputed areas, the Kurdistan Region consequently had a 1,000 km front with ISIL, which put the region into an economic stalemate. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}36°55′N 44°2′E / 36.917°N 44.033°E / 36.917; 44.033. [119] Kamil Haji Ali, the minister of endowments and religious affairs, said in this regard that the new law would “spread immorality” and “distort” Kurdish society. Winters, however, are dramatically cooler than the rest of Iraq, with highs averaging between 9 °C (48 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F) and with lows hovering around 3 °C (37 °F) in some areas and freezing in others, dipping to −2 °C (28 °F) and 0 °C (32 °F) on average. The first wave of the plan was carried out in 1982 when 8,000 Barzanis were arrested and their remains were returned to Kurdistan in 2008. The Great Zab and the Little Zab flow east-west in the region. In September 1998, the United States mediated a ceasefire and the two warring parties signed the Washington Agreement deal, where in it was stipulated that the two parties would agree on revenue-sharing, power-sharing and security arrangements. This reunification prompted Kurdish leaders and the Kurdish President Masoud Barzani to focus on bringing the Kurdish areas outside of the Kurdistan Region into the region and building healthy institutions. [94], Iraqi Kurds played an important role in the Iraq War. There are at least 2 military airfields in Iraqi Kurdistan. It is one of the four parts of Kurdistan, which also includes parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Syria (Western Kurdistan), and northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan). In 1943, the Barzani chief Mustafa Barzani began[23] raiding Iraqi police stations in Kurdistan, which led the Baghdad government to deploy 30,000 troops to the region. Detainees were held for up to four months without any communication with their families. [16], The Kurds in Iraq oscillated between fighting for either autonomy or independence throughout the 20th century and experienced Arabization and genocide at the hands of Ba'athist Iraq. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years. The dominant religion is Islam, which is professed by the majority of Kurdistan Region's inhabitants. [47][48][49] Kurda was reduced to a province centering around modern Sinjar. After the 1991 safe haven was established, the Kurdistan Regional Government began projects to reconstruct the Kurdistan Region. The region was to be ruled by the two principal Kurdish parties; the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). During the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive, Iraqi Kurdistan seized the city of Kirkuk and the surrounding area, as well as most of the disputed territories in Northern Iraq. [92] The Kurdistan parliament in 2008 passed a draft law outlawing the practice, but the ministerial decree necessary to implement it, expected in February 2009, was cancelled. Iraqi Kurdistan has opened its doors to the world by opening two international airports. These accusations were later confirmed when the KDP-controlled provincial council of Alqosh issued a statement warning residents that they would face consequences for protesting the referendum. [92] In return, the Kurds under KDP enabled Saddam to establish an oil smuggling route through territory controlled by the KDP, with the active involvement of senior Barzani family members. [102] After his visit to the region, Dutch politician Joël Voordewind noted that the positions reserved for minorities in the Kurdish parliament were appointed by Kurds as the Assyrians for example had no possibility to nominate their own candidates. But power is concentrated in the hands of the ruling parties and families, who perpetuate a nondemocratic, sultanistic system. In 1929, the Barzani demanded the formation of a Kurdish province in northern Iraq. [91] Some journalists faced trial and threats of imprisonment for their reports about corruption in the region. The Iraqi Kurdish leadership fled to Iran in 1945. Due to the summers being less extreme, thousands of tourists from the hotter parts of Iraq come to visit the region in that season.[17]. This however changed with the establishment of the Kurdistan autonomous region. The suffix -stan (Persian: ـستان, translit. Explore Iraq local news alerts & today's headlines geolocated on live map on website or application. It took two years for the British to bring Kurdish areas into submission, while Shaikh Mahmud found refuge in an unknown location. The Status of the Iraq Smooth-coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli Hayman 1956 and Eurasian Otter Lutra lutra Linnaeus 1758 in Iraq. The first international school, the International School of Choueifat opened its branch in Kurdistan Region in 2006. In late 1931, Ahmed Barzani initiated a Kurdish rebellion against Iraq, and though defeated within several months, the movement gained a major importance in the Kurdish struggle later on, creating the ground for such a notable Kurdish rebel as Mustafa Barzani. Iraqi Kurdistan has two border gates with Iran, the Haji Omaran border gate and the Bashmeg border gate near the city of Sulaymaniyah. [80] The agreement left the Kurds helpless and Tehran cut supplies to the Kurdish movement. Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan include the Zagros, Sinjar Mountains, Hamrin Mountains, Mount Nisir and Qandil mountains. [50], Disputed internal Kurdish–Iraqi boundaries have been a core concern for Arabs and Kurds, especially since US invasion and political restructuring in 2003. This border gate can be reached by bus or taxi from airports in Turkey as close as the Mardin or Diyarbakir airports, as well as from Istanbul or Ankara. [91] This led to internecine and intra-Kurdish conflict and warfare between 1994 and 1996. Among other cities in the climate table below, Soran, Shaqlawa and Halabja also experience lows which average below 0 °C (32 °F) in winter. In 1922, Britain restored Shaikh Mahmud Barzanji to power, hoping that he would organize the Kurds to act as a buffer against the Turks, who had territorial claims over Mosul and Kirkuk. Even though autonomy had been agreed in 1970, local population enjoyed no particular democratic freedom denied to the rest of the country. [119] Following an outrage of religious movements, the KRG held a press conference, where the public were ensured that gender equality did not include giving marriage rights to homosexuals, whose existence is effectively invisible in Iraq due to restrictive traditional rules. [64] This act caused Baghdad to threaten to revoke Exxon's contract in its southern fields, most notably the West-Qurna Phase 1 project. Each governorate has a capital city, while districts and sub-districts have 'district centers'. [32] This led the Americans and the Europeans to implement the Iraqi no-fly zones in March 1991 to protect the Kurds, thereby facilitating Kurdish autonomy amid the vacuum and the first Kurdish elections were consequently held in May 1992, wherein the Kurdistan Democratic Party secured 45.3% of the vote and a majority of seats.
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