There are still areas where animist based festivals and traditions (such as the Bori religion) are practiced by syncretic Muslim communities (in some Hausa areas as well as among some Toubou and Wodaabe pastoralists), as opposed to several small communities who maintain their pre-Islamic religion. It is based on the Code Napoleon "Inquisitorial system", established in Niger during French colonial rule and the 1960 Constitution of Niger. [87] However, no candidate won an absolute majority in the vote: Mohamed Bazoum came closest with 39.33%. Niger or the Niger[12][13] (/niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/;[14][15] French: [niʒɛʁ]), officially the Republic of the Niger,[12][13] is a landlocked country in West Africa named after the Niger River. Rice is grown in the Niger River valley. Niger began developing diverse media in the late 1990s. [46] The Hausa Kingdoms began as seven states founded, according to the Bayajidda legend, by the six sons of Bawo. [80][81] The opposition boycotted the referendum and the new constitution was adopted with 92.5% of voters and a 68% turnout, according to official results. Its capital is Abuja. [40] In 1985 a small Tuareg revolt in Tchintabaraden was suppressed. On 19 March, the first case in the country was confirmed in Niamey, being a 36-year-old man from Nigeria.He had travelled to Lomé, Accra, Abidjan and Ouagadougou.. Niger reported a total of 7 cases on March 25, including the first death related to COVID-19 in the country (24 March).The death happened in Niamey, being a 63-year old Nigerian national. The W National Park, situated in the bordering area to Burkina Faso and Benin, belongs to one of the most important areas for wildlife in Western Africa, which is called the WAP (W–Arli–Pendjari) Complex. [21] The border with Britain's colony of Nigeria to the south was finalised in 1910, a rough delimitation having already been agreed by the two powers via several treaties during the period 1898–1906. The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès in the Aïr Mountains at 2,022 m (6,634 ft). Religious persecution is rare in Niger which is ranked last (#50) on the World Watch List for severity of persecution that Christians face for actively pursuing their faith. The Guérewol festival is an international attraction and was featured in films and magazines as prominent as the National Geographic. [50][51] The kingdom reached its greatest extent in the 1200s, largely thanks to the effort of Mai Dunama Dibbalemi (r. 1210–1259), and grew rich from its control of many Trans-Saharan trade routes; much of eastern and south-eastern Niger, notably Bilma and Kaouar, was under Kanem's control in this period. Niger's new constitution was approved on 31 October 2010. [40] However the economic boom ended following the collapse in uranium prices, and IMF-led austerity and privatisation measures provoked opposition by many Nigeriens. [68] In the 1980s Kountché began cautiously loosening the grip of the military, with some relaxation of state censorship and attempts made to 'civilianise' the regime. The Court of Appeals reviews questions of fact and law, while the Supreme Court reviews application of the law and constitutional questions. [40] The sultanate remained nominally subject to the Borno Empire until the reign of Sultan Tanimoune Dan Souleymane in the mid-to-late 19th century, who declared independence and initiated a phase of vigorous expansion. [59] France then set about making a reality of their rule on the ground. [21][48][49] However the empire was unable to withstand repeated attacks from the Saadi Dynasty of Morocco and was decisively defeated at the Battle of Tondibi in 1591; the empire then collapsed into a number of smaller kingdoms. [1] Each is spoken as a first language primarily by the ethnic group with which it is associated. The majority of Muslims in Niger are Sunni, 7% are Shi'a, 5% are Ahmadiyya and 20% non-denominational. Rural communes may contain official villages and settlements, while Urban Communes are divided into quarters. [56] A smaller state not fitting into this scheme was Konni, centred on Birni-N'Konni. The lowest point is the Niger River, with an elevation of 200 metres (656 ft). [67] Whilst political prisoners of the Diori regime were released after the coup and the country was stabilised, political and individual freedoms in general deteriorated during this period. There are several ethnic groups in Niger: The literacy rate (the amount of the adult population who can read or write) of Niger is among the lowest in the world. The military took over the country and President Tandja was put in prison, charged with corruption. The earliest known published use of the term dates from 1574, in a work alluding to "the Nigers of Aethiop, bearing witnes". Mamoudou Djibo. Les enjeux politiques dans la colonie du Niger (1944-1960). In December 2005, it was announced that Niger had received 100% multilateral debt relief from the IMF, which translates into the forgiveness of approximately US$86 million in debts to the IMF, excluding the remaining assistance under HIPC. These subdivisions were administered by officials appointed by the national government. There were several attempted coups (in 1975, 1976 and 1984) which were thwarted, their instigators being severely punished. The justice system also includes civil criminal courts, customary courts, traditional mediation, and a military court. The longest border is with Nigeria to the south. Mahamadou Issoufou of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism was elected president. The Presidential Guard arrested several people during the incident.[89]. [40] Relations with other African states were mostly positive, with the exception of Dahomey (Benin), owing to an ongoing border dispute. After the National Sovereign Conference, the transitional government drafted a new constitution that eliminated the previous single-party system of the 1989 Constitution and guaranteed more freedoms. This process, known as the 'Scramble for Africa', culminated in the 1885 Berlin conference in which the colonial powers outlined the division of Africa into spheres of influence. Niger lies between latitudes 11° and 24°N, and longitudes 0° and 16°E. [40] Another rebellion, led by dissatisfied Toubou peoples claiming that, like the Tuareg, the Nigerien government had neglected their region, broke out in the east of the country. Both Zarma and Hausa areas were greatly influenced by the 18th- and 19th-century Fula led Sufi brotherhoods, most notably the Sokoto Caliphate (in today's Nigeria). Following the adoption of a new constitution in 2010 and presidential elections a year later, Mahamadou Issoufou was elected as the first president of the Seventh Republic; he was then re-elected in 2016. 41–60. They consist of the Niger Army (Armée de Terre), the Niger Air Force (Armée de l'Air) and the auxiliary paramilitary forces, such as the National Gendarmerie (Gendarmerie nationale) and the National Guard (Garde Nationale). Niger is landlocked, meaning it has no coastline. Various territorial adjustments took place in this period: the areas west of the Niger river were only attached to Niger in 1926–27, and during the dissolution of Upper Volta (modern Burkina Faso) in 1932–47 much of the east of that territory was added to Niger;[60][40] and in the east the Tibesti Mountains were transferred to Chad in 1931. The armed forces are composed of approximately 12,900 personnel, including 3,700 gendarmes, 3200 national guards, 300 air force personnel, and 6,000 army personnel. Template:Country data Niger is an internal data container not intended to be transcluded directly. After winning the election in November 1999, President Tandja Mamadou was sworn in office on 22 December 1999 as the first president of the Fifth Republic. [112][113] Hausa and Zarma-Songhai, the two most spoken languages, are widely spoken throughout the country as first or second languages. : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. According to the organization Save the Children, Niger has the world's highest infant mortality rate. There is flat to rolling savanna in the south and hills in the north. Law enforcement in Niger is the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense through the National Gendarmerie and the Ministry of the Interior through the National Police and the National Guard. Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which French colonialism formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. The natural gas from the oil wells is all burnt, causing environmental problems.. Because of the money from petroleum production, there have been many political problems in recent times. [59] The three eventually met at Kousséri (in the far north of Cameroon) and defeated Rabih az-Zubayr's forces at the Battle of Kousséri. Niger's armed forces have a long history of military cooperation with France and the United States. Niger maintains a special relationship with former colonial power France and has close relations with its West African neighbors. [40] However, perceived threats to French rule, such as the Kobkitanda rebellion in Dosso Region (1905–06), led by the blind cleric Alfa Saibou, and the Karma revolt in the Niger valley (December 1905–March 1906) led by Oumarou Karma were suppressed with force, as were the latter Hamallayya and Hauka religious movements. International human rights groups have criticised the government since at least 1996 as using regulation and police to punish criticism of the state. Drought cycles, desertification, a 2.9% population growth rate, and the drop in world demand for uranium have undercut the economy. Mamadou then modified and adopted a new constitution by referendum, which was declared illegal by the Constitutional Court, prompting Mamadou to dissolve the Court and assume emergency powers. A lack of adequate staff to guard wildlife in the parks and reserves is another factor cited for loss of wildlife.[92]. The longest border is with Nigeria to the south (1,497 km or 930 mi). Nearly half of the government's budget is derived from foreign donor resources. Millet and sorghum are grown in the south, as well as cassava and sugarcane. Debt relief provided under the enhanced HIPC initiative significantly reduces Niger's annual debt service obligations, freeing funds for expenditures on basic health care, primary education, HIV/AIDS prevention, rural infrastructure, and other programs geared at poverty reduction. Nigerian Pidgin English, often known simply as "Pidgin" or "Broken" (Broken English), is also a popular lingua franca, though with varying regional influences on dialect and slang. [40], The National Sovereign Conference of 1991 marked a turning point in the post-independence history of Niger and brought about multi-party democracy. The High Court of Justice (HCJ) deals with cases involving senior government officials. Nigeria has become Africa's biggest producer of petroleum, and there are many oil wells in the Niger Delta. It was formed in 1976 when the then North-Western State was bifurcated into Niger State and Sokoto State. [40], The Fulani (also called Peul, Fulbe etc. While USAID does not have an office in Niger, the United States is a major donor, contributing nearly $10 million each year to Niger's development. [125] The primary school enrollment and attendance rates are low, particularly for girls. stated that over 800,000 people (nearly 8% of the population) in Niger are enslaved. [25] Agriculture became widespread, notably the planting of millet and sorghum, as well as pottery production. At the same time the plurality of the population, in the Hausa borderlands between Birni-N'Konni and Maine-Soroa, have often looked culturally more to Hausaland in Nigeria than Niamey. What is now Niger was created from four distinct cultural areas in the pre-colonial era: the Zarma and Songhai dominated the Niger River valley in the southwest; the northern periphery of Hausaland, made mostly of those states which had resisted the Sokoto Caliphate, and ranged along the long southern border with Nigeria; the Lake Chad basin and Kaouar The sector is governed by the Conseil Supérieur de Communications, established as an independent body in the early 1990s, since 2007 headed by Daouda Diallo. [47] Many of these surviving states harassed the Caliphate and a long period of small-scale wars and skirmishes commenced, with some states (such as Katsina and Gobir) maintaining independence, whereas elsewhere new ones were formed (such as the Sultanate of Tessaoua). [21][47] The Hausa kingdoms were not a compact entity but several federations of kingdoms more or less independent of one other. [40], In the 19th century Europeans began to take a greater interest in Africa; several European explorers travelled in the area of modern Niger, such as Mungo Park (in 1805–06), the Oudney-Denham-Clapperton expedition (1822–25), Heinrich Barth (1850–55; with James Richardson and Adolf Overweg), Friedrich Gerhard Rohlfs (1865–67), Gustav Nachtigal (1869–74) and Parfait-Louis Monteil (1890–92). In English, N. sativa and its seed are variously called black caraway, black seed, black cumin, fennel flower, nigella, nutmeg flower, Roman coriander, and kalanji.. Blackseed and black caraway may also refer to Bunium persicum. Nigerien society reflects a diversity drawn from the long independent histories of its several ethnic groups and regions and their relatively short period living in a single state. Nigerien culture is marked by variation, evidence of the cultural crossroads which French colonialism formed into a unified state from the beginning of the 20th century. The Voulet-Chanoine Mission was marred by numerous atrocities, and became notorious for pillaging, looting, raping and killing many local civilians on its passage throughout southern Niger. In 2013, Niger's government has adopted a zero-deficit budget of 1.279 trillion CFA francs ($2.53 billion) which is claimed to balance revenues and expenditures by an 11% reduction in the budget from the previous year. [40] In April 1995 a peace deal with the main Tuareg rebel group was signed, with the government agreeing to absorb some former rebels into the military and, with French assistance, help others return to a productive civilian life. Niger is on the border between the Sahara and Sub-Saharan regions. [61], The French generally adopted a form of indirect rule, allowing existing native structures to continue to exist within the colonial framework of governance providing that they acknowledged French supremacy. [99], The 2014 budget was 1.867 trillion CFA which is distributed as follows according to: public debt (76,703,692,000 CFA), personnel expenditures (210,979,633,960 CFA), operating expenditures (128,988,777,711 CFA); subsidies and transfers: 308,379,641,366 CFA) and Investment (1,142,513,658,712 CFA).[100]. [125] Children are often forced to work rather than attend school, particularly during planting or harvest periods. Over 80% of its land area lies in the Sahara Desert. It excludes placenames except where they have become common words. "Mali Empire: The Rise of the Richest Civilization in West Africa", "How Did the Songhai Empire Dominate West Africa? [40] In 1899–1900 France coordinated three expeditions—the Gentil Mission from French Congo, the Foureau-Lamy Mission from Algeria and the Voulet–Chanoine Mission from Timbuktu—with the aim of linking France's African possessions. This is a list of English language words that come from the Niger-Congo languages. Wanké then withdrew from governmental affairs.[40]. Between 1996 and 2003, primary school attendance was around 30%,[130] including 36% of males and only 25% of females. Niger's subtropical climate is mainly very hot and dry. [20] The most common pronunciation is the French one of /niːˈʒɛər/, though in Anglophone media /ˈnaɪdʒər/ is also occasionally used. Much of it is covered by desert. The coup had been masterminded by Col. Seyni Kountché and a small military group under the name of the Conseil Militaire Supreme, with Kountché going on to rule the country until his death in 1987. No-one knows the origin of the name Niger. In the 19th century, contact with Europe began when the first European explorers—notably Mungo Park (British) and Heinrich Barth (German)-explored the area searching for the mouth of the Niger River. A drought and locust infestation in 2005 led to food shortages for as many as 2.5 million Nigeriens. The importance of external support for Niger's development is demonstrated by the fact that about 45% of the government's FY 2002 budget, including 80% of its capital budget, derives from donor resources. 41.4% live in poverty. Niger's area is 1,267,000 square kilometres (489,191 sq mi) of which 300 square kilometres (116 sq mi) is water. As detailed in the Epic of Sundiata, Mali emerged as a breakaway region of the Sosso Empire, which itself had split from the earlier Ghana Empire. WARNING: Travel to most of Niger is unsafe. Plante dont la graine est oléagineuse. These Regions are subdivided into 36 departments. Niger has ten recognized national languages, namely Arabic, Buduma, Fulfulde, Gourmanchéma, Hausa, Kanuri, Zarma & Songhay, Tamasheq, Tassawaq, Tebu. The adoption of the new constitution created a Sixth Republic, with a presidential system, as well as the suspension of the 1999 Constitution and a three-year interim government with Tandja Mamadou as president. The military court cannot try civilians.[98]. [70] Following this, presidential elections were held and Mahamane Ousmane became the first president of the Third Republic on 27 March 1993. [40] The first action of the military government was to address the food crisis. Pages in category "Niger" The following 6 pages are in this category, out of 6 total. [40] The political environment worsened in the following year as President Tandja Mamadou sought out to extend his presidency by modifying the constitution which limited presidential terms in Niger. The pidgin English or Nigerian English is widely spoken within the Niger Delta Regions, predominantly in Warri, Sapele, Port Harcourt, Agenebode, Ewu, and Benin City. This makes it slightly less than twice the size of France, and the world's twenty-second largest country.[90]. The kingdom gradually expanded, especially during the rule of the Sayfawa Dynasty which began in c. 1075 under Mai (king) Hummay. Previously, Niger was divided into 7 Departments, 36 Arrondissements, and Communes. Report on Human Rights Practices – Niger. Other urban Christian expatriate communities from Europe and West Africa are also present. Nigeria is a country in west Africa. It has the most important population of the rare West African lion and one of the last populations of the Northwest African cheetah. Their organisation was hierarchical though also somewhat democratic: the Hausa kings were elected by the notables of the country and could be removed by them. Historically, what is now Niger has been on the fringes of several large states. In its original English-language usage, nigger (then spelled niger) was a word for a dark-skinned individual. [40], In 2009, President Tandja Mamadou decided to organize a constitutional referendum seeking to extend his presidency, which was opposed by other political parties, as well as being against the decision of the Constitutional Court which had ruled that the referendum would be unconstitutional. There are also some tiny Boudouma and Songhay animist communities in the southwest.[114]. By the late 17th century and into the 18th the Bornu kingdom had entered a long period of decline, gradually shrinking back to its Lake Chad heartland, though it remained an important player in the region. The capital is Niamey, and the official language is French. [21] Some of these finds have been linked with the Aterian and Mousterian tool cultures of the Middle Paleolithic period, which flourished in northern Africa circa 90,000 BC-20,000 BC. One of the largest reserves of the world, the Aïr and Ténéré National Nature Reserve, was founded in the northern parts of the Niger to protect these rare species. Today, it is often treated as a racist insult, as often compared to "nigga" used in pop culture slang. Niger or the Niger[10][11] (/niːˈʒɛər/ or /ˈnaɪdʒər/;[12][13] French: [niʒɛʁ]), officially the Republic of the Niger,[10][11] is a country in western Africa. [55] Some of the Hausa states survived by fleeing south, such as the Katsina who moved to Maradi in the south of modern Niger. [17] Primary education in Niger is required for six years. Three of them—the Anfani Group, Sarounia and Tenere—are urban-based commercial-format FM networks in the major towns. Niger is one of the 36 states of Nigeria.The capital is Minna L’alphabétisation au Niger : une analyse à partir des données du recensement de 2012, sur le site de l'Université Laval de la ville de Québec (2015). [63] The French Union, which lasted from 1946 to 1958, conferred a limited form of French citizenship on the inhabitants of the colonies, with some decentralisation of power and limited participation in political life for local advisory assemblies. Religious freedom is protected by Article 30 of the same constitution. The land is mostly desert plains and sand dunes. [126], Niger also has the highest fertility rate in the world (6.49 births per woman according to 2017 estimates[127]); this means that nearly half (49%) of the Nigerien population is under age 15. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. The highest point is Mont Idoukal-n-Taghès in the Aïr Mountains at 2,022 m (6,634 ft). [21] Tuareg resistance continued however, culminating in the Kaocen revolt of 1916–17, led by Ag Mohammed Wau Teguidda Kaocen, with backing from the Senussi in Fezzan; the revolt was violently suppressed and Kaocen fled to Fezzan, where he was later killed. Niger is also a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA).[103]. Many people think that it comes from the Latin word for "black", niger, but there is no evidence for this, and Portuguese explorers would probably have used their own word (negro) on their maps. The National Assembly passed in June 2002 a series of decentralization bills. The West African giraffe is currently not found in the W National Park, but further north in Niger, where it has its last relict population. Its drainage basin is … In a coup d'état in February 2010, a military junta led by captain Salou Djibo was established in response to Tandja's attempted extension of his political term by modifying the constitution. Hunger plagues the country. In 1325 Songhai was conquered by Mali until regaining its independence in 1375. Our knowledge of early Nigerien history is limited by the lack of written sources, though it is known that by at least the 5th century BC the territory of modern Niger had become an area of trans-Saharan trade. [46][21][56] An extension of the legend states that Bawo had a further seven sons with a concubine, who went on to the found the so-called 'Banza (illegitimate) Bakwai': Zamfara, Kebbi, Nupe, Gwari, Yauri, Ilorin and Kwararafa. Nigerian Pidgin is an English-based creole language spoken as a lingua franca across Nigeria.The language is sometimes referred to as "Pijin" or Broken (pronounced "Brokun").It can be spoken as a pidgin, a creole, slang or a decreolised acrolect by different speakers, who may switch between these forms depending on the social setting. As of 2018[update], the population of Niger was 22,442,831[16][17]. ), a pastoral people found throughout the Sahel, began migrating to Hausaland during the 1200s–1500s. [21] Formerly a small trading post inhabited by a mixture of Hausa and Tuaregs, the sultanate grew rich due to its strategic position on the Trans-Saharan trade routes. Niger is home to the critically endangered addax antelope. It is surrounded by Algeria and Libya to the north, Chad to the east, Nigeria and Benin to the south, and Burkina Faso and Mali to the west. [21] In prehistoric times the climate of the Sahara desert was much wetter and more fertile than it is today, a phenomenon archaeologists refer to as the 'Green Sahara', which provided favourable conditions for hunting and later agriculture and livestock herding. [71], The governmental paralysis prompted the military to intervene; on 27 January 1996, Col. Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara led a coup that deposed President Ousmane and ended the Third Republic. [65] The 1960s were largely peaceful, and saw a large expansion of the education system and some limited economic development and industrialisation. Niger synonyms, Niger pronunciation, Niger translation, English dictionary definition of Niger.
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